Passive
Estos dos enlaces con explicación y audio
http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/passive-voice.php
http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/pasiva.php
Y este con un montón de ejercicios
http://www.agendaweb.org/verbs/passive-exercises.html
Un video graciosillo sobre el tema
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0BYAc43d9Hc (duración 8:45)
Dos explicaciones muy amplias y que creo van más allá de nuestro nivel.
Passive Voice – Voz Pasiva
Hablaremos en esta ocasión sobre un recurso gramatical de gran importancia en la lengua inglesa: la voz pasiva. Para comenzar estableceremos la diferencia con el lenguaje que utilizamos habitualmente llamado voz activa en el cual la acción del verbo recae sobre el sujeto mientras que en la voz pasiva la acción del verbo recae sobre el objeto. Observa los siguientes ejemplos:
Voz Activa |
Voz Pasiva |
Para construir la voz pasiva es necesario que la oración en voz activacuente con objeto directo, es decir que responda a la pregunta “¿qué cosa?”, por ejemplo:
My sister lost the keys. |
Luego el objeto directo establecido pasará a ocupar el lugar de sujeto, elsujeto de la voz activa pasa a ser complemento agente acompañado de la preposición
BY y el verbo principal se coloca en pasado participio acompañado por el verto TO BE en el tiempo que se encuentra la voz activa. Por ejemplo:
My sister lost the keys. |
Observe en la oración pasiva que “the keys” ocupan el lugar de sujeto, “by my sister” es el complemento agente y el verbo principal está ahora en pasado
participio acompañado por el verbo to be (were) enpasado simple ya que la oración activa se encontraba en ese tiempo verbal.
Veremos en el siguiente cuadro como se modifican los verbos de Voz Activa a Voz Pasiva:
Tiempo Verbal de la oración en voz activa |
VOZ ACTIVA |
VOZ PASIVA |
Presente Simple |
My brotherstudies the lesson. |
The lesson is studied by my brother. |
Presente Continuo |
My brother is studying the lesson. |
The lesson is being studied by my brother. |
Pasado Simple |
My brotherstudied the lesson. |
The lesson wasstudied by my brother. |
Pasado Continuo |
My brother was studying the lesson. |
The lesson was being studied by my brother. |
Futuro Simple |
My brother will study the lesson. |
The lesson will be studied by my brother. |
Futuro Cercano |
My brother is going to studythe lesson. |
The lesson is going to be studied by my brother. |
Presente Perfecto |
My brother has studied the lesson. |
The lesson has been studied by my brother. |
Pasado Perfecto |
My brother had studied the lesson. |
The lesson had been studied by my brother. |
Passive Voice with two Objects – Voz Pasiva con dos objetos
Hace ya algún tiempo explicamos el correcto uso de la Voz Pasiva, un recurso gramatical de gran importancia dentro del idioma inglés que difiere de la Voz Activa (lenguaje utilizado cotidianamente) por enfocar la acción del verbo sobre el objeto de la oración sin importar demasiado quién la está realizando.
Para que recuerdes de que modo se construye una oración pasiva, es importante mencionar que la oración activa debe contar indefectiblemente con objeto directo, es decir, que responda de manera exacta a la pregunta “¿qué cosa?” y una vez obtenida la respuesta seguir los siguientes pasos:
· El objeto directo de la oración activa pasa a ocupar el lugar de sujeto de la oración pasiva.
· El verbo principal debe colocarse en Pasado Participio precedido por el verbo TO BE en el tiempo de la oración activa.
· El sujeto de la oración activa pasa a ocupar el lugar de complemento agente precedido por la preposición BY.
Veamos los siguientes ejemplos:
VOZ ACTIVA
The lady buys a new hat. |
VOZ PASIVA
A new hat is bought by the lady. |
Una vez refrescada la memoria en cuanto a la mecánica de la Voz Pasiva nos introduciremos en otras formas de construcción como por ejemplo cuando la oración activa dispone de dos objetos:
Jennifer gave me a birthday present. |
En este caso, para reescribir este tipo de oraciones con dos objetos debemos colocar uno de ellos como sujeto mientras que el otro permanecerá en su lugar de objeto. ¿Cuál de
ellos será el elegido para ser sujeto?… eso dependerá de lo que queramos hacer foco:
VOZ ACTIVA My boss offered me an important promotion. |
VOZ PASIVA
An important promotion was offered to me.
I was offered an important promotion. |
Es preciso remarcar que en el ejemplo superior hemos colocado el complemento agente entre paréntesis ya que por lo general no se coloca debido a que su utilización resulta poco
elegante.
Impersonal Passive Voice – Voz Pasiva Impersonal
Continuamos desarrollando algunos temas relacionados con el uso de la Voz Pasiva. Ya hemos tratado en otra oportunidad la manera correcta de construir una frase en Voz Pasiva Personal y también les hemos explicado como pasar a Voz Pasiva aquellas oraciones activas que poseen dos objetos.
En esta ocasión hablaremos sobre otra forma de Voz Pasiva denominada Impersonal, que se caracteriza por utilizar verbos relacionados con la percepción (Verbos Intransitivos) como por ejemplo: say (decir), think (pensar), suppose (suponer), know (saber/conocer), expect (esperar), consider (considerar), entre otros.
Debemos remarcar que la Voz Pasiva Impersonal es un tipo de construcción es utilizado con gran frecuencia por los medios de comunicación, sobre todo en la redacción de noticias.
A diferencia de la Voz Pasiva Personal, donde el objeto directo de la oración activa pasa a ocupar el lugar de sujeto en la oración pasiva -para lo cual es necesario un verbo transitivo-, en la Voz Pasiva Impersonal, al utilizar verbos intransitivos como acción principal, no existe objeto que pueda cumplir esa función y es necesario seguir la siguiente estructura:
SUJETO |
VERBO TO BE |
PASADO PARTICIPIO |
Veamos algunos ejemplos:
It is said |
Se dice |
It is known |
Se sabe |
It is supposed |
Se supone |
It is considered |
Se considera |
It is reported |
Se informa |
It is thought |
Se piensa |
It is decided |
Se decide |
Ahora veamos ejemplos concretos sobre su desarrollo:
People believe that the strike will continue for a week. |
También es preciso mencionar que en muchas ocasiones una tercera construcción es posible colocando el sujeto de la oración subordinada al comienzo de la oración; el verbo de percepción en voz pasiva y el resto de la frase se añade utilizando el infinitivo del verbo precedido por la partícula “TO”, teniendo en cuenta que algunos verbos auxiliares y “THAT” no se colocan:
· He says that the Governor had inaugurated the bridge the last year. · It is said that the Governor had inaugurated the bridge the last year. · The Governor is said to have inaugurated the bridge the last year. |
· Everyone think that the ship will arrive tomorrow morning. · It is said that the ship will arrive tomorrow morning. · The ship is said to arrive tomorrow morning. |
Passive Voice
Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known;however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
§ the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
§ the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
§ the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Tense |
Subject |
Verb |
Object |
|
Simple Present |
Active: |
Rita |
writes |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
is written |
by Rita. |
|
Simple Past |
Active: |
Rita |
wrote |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
was written |
by Rita. |
|
Present Perfect |
Active: |
Rita |
has written |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
has been written |
by Rita. |
|
Future I |
Active: |
Rita |
will write |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
will be written |
by Rita. |
|
Hilfsverben |
Active: |
Rita |
can write |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
can be written |
by Rita. |
Tense |
Subject |
Verb |
Object |
|
Present Progressive |
Active: |
Rita |
is writing |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
is being written |
by Rita. |
|
Past Progressive |
Active: |
Rita |
was writing |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
was being written |
by Rita. |
|
Past Perfect |
Active: |
Rita |
had written |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
had been written |
by Rita. |
|
Future II |
Active: |
Rita |
will have written |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
will have been written |
by Rita. |
|
Conditional I |
Active: |
Rita |
would write |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
would be written |
by Rita. |
|
Conditional II |
Active: |
Rita |
would have written |
a letter. |
Passive: |
A letter |
would have been written |
by Rita. |
Passive Sentences with Two Objects
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
|
Subject |
Verb |
Object 1 |
Object 2 |
Active: |
Rita |
wrote |
a letter |
to me. |
Passive: |
A letter |
was written |
to me |
by Rita. |
Passive: |
I |
was written |
a letter |
by Rita. |
.
As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped.
Personal and Impersonal Passive
Personal Passive simply means that the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence. So every verb that needs an object (transitive verb) can form a personal passive.
Example: They build houses. – Houses are built.
Verbs without an object (intransitive verb) normally cannot form a personal passive sentence (as there is no object that can become the subject of the passive sentence). If you want to use an intransitive verb in passive voice, you need an impersonal construction – therefore this passive is called Impersonal Passive.
Example: he says – it is said
Impersonal Passive is not as common in English as in some other languages (e.g. German, Latin). In English, Impersonal Passive is only possible with verbs of perception (e. g. say, think, know).
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – It is said that women live longer than men.
Although Impersonal Passive is possible here, Personal Passive is more common.
Example: They say that women live longer than men. – Women are said to live longer than men.
The subject of the subordinate clause (women) goes to the beginning of the sentence; the verb of perception is put into passive voice. The rest of the sentence is added using an infinitive construction with 'to' (certain auxiliary verbs and that are dropped).
Sometimes the term Personal Passive is used in English lessons if the indirect object of an active sentence is to become the subject of the passive sentence.